In 1900, Canadians took part in the battles of Paardeberg (“Horse Mountain”) and Lillefontein, victories that strengthened national pride in Canada. Over 7,000 volunteered to fight in the South African War 1899–1902), popularly known as the Boer War, and over 260 died. Most Canadians were proud to be part of the British Empire. Some of Canada’s most colourful heroes, such as Major General Sir Sam Steele, came from the ranks of the Mounties. Today, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP or “the Mounties”) are the national police force and one of Canada’s best-known symbols. The NWMP founded Fort Calgary, Fort MacLeod and other centres that today are cities and towns.
Riel is seen by many as a hero, a defender of Métis rights and the father of Manitoba.Īfter the first Métis uprising, Prime Minister Macdonald established the North West Mounted Police (NWMP) in 1873 to pacify the West and assist in negotiations with the Indians.
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Later, as Métis and Indian rights were again threatened by westward settlement, a second rebellion in 1885 in present-day Saskatchewan led to Riel’s trial and execution for high treason, a decision that was strongly opposed in Quebec. Riel was elected to Parliament but never took his seat. Riel fled to the United States and Canada established a new province: Manitoba. Ottawa sent soldiers to retake Fort Garry in 1870. How could the Dominion reach from sea to sea if it could not control the interior?
In response, Louis Riel led an armed uprising and seized Fort Garry, the territorial capital. When Canada took over the vast northwest region from the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1869, the 12,000 Métis of the Red River were not consulted. border is partly an outcome of the War of 1812, which ensured that Canada would remain independent of the United States. The British paid for a costly Canadian defence system, including the Citadels at Halifax and Québec City, the naval drydock at Halifax and Fort Henry at Kingston-today popular historic sites.
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Ross died in battle soon afterwards and was buried in Halifax with full military honours.īy 1814, the American attempt to conquer Canada had failed. In retaliation in 1814, Major-General Robert Ross led an expedition from Nova Scotia that burned down the White House and other public buildings in Washington, D.C. In 1813 the Americans burned Government House and the Parliament Buildings in York (now Toronto). In 1813, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles de Salaberry and 460 soldiers, mostly French Canadiens, turned back 4,000 American invaders at Châteauguay, south of Montreal. In July, Major-General Sir Isaac Brock captured Detroit but was killed while defending against an American attack at Queenston Heights, near Niagara Falls, a battle the Americans lost. Canadian volunteers and First Nations, including Shawnee led by Chief Tecumseh, supported British soldiers in Canada’s defence. Believing it would be easy to conquer Canada, the United States launched an invasion in June 1812. This led to American resentment at British interference with their shipping. The British Empire, which included Canada, fought to resist Bonaparte’s bid to dominate Europe. However, Aboriginals and Europeans formed strong economic, religious and military bonds in the first 200 years of coexistence which laid the foundations of Canada.Īfter the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte’s fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), the Royal Navy ruled the waves. Large numbers of Aboriginals died of European diseases to which they lacked immunity. The arrival of European traders, missionaries, soldiers and colonists changed the native way of life forever. Warfare was common among Aboriginal groups as they competed for land, resources and prestige. West Coast natives preserved fish by drying and smoking. The Sioux were nomadic, following the bison (buffalo) herd. The Cree and Dene of the Northwest were hunter-gatherers. The Huron-Wendat of the Great Lakes region, like the Iroquois, were farmers and hunters. The native people lived off the land, some by hunting and gathering, others by raising crops. When Europeans explored Canada they found all regions occupied by native peoples they called Indians, because the first explorers thought they had reached the East Indies.
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